RESUMO Este estudo in vitro teve objetivo de avaliar o efeito de protocolos clareadores sobre a rugosidade de superfície (Ra), alteração de cor e micromorfologia de resina bulk-fill de baixa viscosidade (Filtek Bulk Fill Flow, 3M ESPE), alta viscosidade (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M ESPE) e de uma resina composta nanoparticulada (controle) (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE). Quarenta amostras de cada resin composta (discos de 5 mm de diâmetro e 2 mm de espessura) foram aleatoriamente divididas em quatro grupos , de acordo com protocolo clareador (n=10): a) Gel de peróxido de carbamida (Opalescence, Ultradent Products) (2 horas/dia, por 14 dias); b) Gel de peróxido de hidrogênio (Opalescence Boost, Ultradent Products) (3 sessões de clareamento, uma por semana, 45 min/sessão); enxaguatório clareador (Listerine Whitening Extreme, Johnson & Johnson) (2 min/dia, por 14 dias); d) água destilada (controle). As amostras foram submetidas a leituras, em triplicata (Ra e cor (parâmetros CIELab) antes e depois do contato com os protocolos clareadores. A micromorfologia de superfície foi conduzida em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Ra e parâmetros de cor (ΔL, Δa, Δb e ΔE) foram analisados por modelos lineares generalizados (α=0.05). A Ra da resina bulk-fill de alta viscosidade foi significantemente superior do que para os outros compósitos (pp<0.05). A Ra aumentou significantemente (p<0.05) e a superfície ficou mais irregular (MEV) para todos os compósitos, independente do protocolo clareador (pp<0,05). A resina bulk-fill de alta viscosidade obteve menor ΔE (pp<0.05) do que a resina composta nanoparticulada, imersa em água destilada. Pode-se concluir que as características de cada resina composta influenciaram de forma mais significativa a Ra do que o protocolo clareador. A resina bulk fill de alta viscosidade apresentou menor alteração de cor.

ABSTRACT The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of bleaching protocols on the surface roughness (Ra), color change and surface micromorphology of a low-viscosity bulk-fill composite (Filtek Bulk Fill Flow, 3M ESPE), a highviscosity bulk-fill composite (Filtek Bulk Fill, 3M ESPE) and a conventional nanoparticulate composite resin (control) (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE). Forty samples of each composite (disks 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick) were randomly divided into four groups (n=10), according to bleaching protocol: a) 10% carbamide peroxide gel (Opalescence, Ultradent Products) (2 h/ day, for 14 days); b) 40% hydrogen peroxide gel (Opalescence Boost, Ultradent Products) (three bleaching sessions, once a week, 45 min/session); c) whitening rinse (Listerine Whitening Extreme, Johnson & Johnson) (2 min/day, for 14 days); and d) distilled water (control). The samples were submitted to triplicate readings (Ra and color [CIELAB parameters]) before and after contact with bleaching protocols. Micromorphology was analyzed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ra and color parameters (ΔL, Δa, Δb and ΔE) were analyzed by generalized linear models (α=0.05). The Ra of the high-viscosity bulk-fill was significantly higher than that of the other composites (p<0.05). Ra increased significantly (p<0.05) and surface became more irregular (SEM analysis) in all the composite resins, regardless of the bleaching protocol (p<0.05). The high-viscosity bulk-fill composite resin group had significantly lower ΔE (p<0.05) than the nanoparticulate composite resin group immersed in distilled water. It was concluded that the characteristics of each resin significantly influenced the Ra more than the bleaching protocol. The high-viscosity bulk-fill resin presented minor color change.

ABSTRACT Objective The consequences of sleep deprivation in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients are poorly understood. Our aim was to determine how sleep disorders influence lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in T1D patients. Materials and methods This was a cross-sectional study at a public university hospital. Demographic information and medical histories were obtained during regular scheduled visit of T1D patients to the outpatient clinic. Insulin sensitivity was obtained using the estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) formula. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Berlin Questionnaire. Results The adult participants (n = 66, 62% women) had a median age of 28.0 years (interquartile range 21.8-33.0). Six patients (9%) had metabolic syndrome according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Thirty patients (46%) were considered poor sleepers according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The LDL-c and total cholesterol levels of poor sleepers were higher than those of good sleepers (103 v. 81; p = 0.003 and 178.0 v. 159.5 mg/dL; p = 0.009, respectively). Three patients (4%) were at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) according to the Berlin Questionnaire. The eGDR was lower in the group of patients with high probability of having OSAS (6.0 v. 9.1 mg.kg-1.min-1;p = .03). Conclusions Poor subjective quality of sleep and higher risk of OSAS were correlated with a worsened lipid profile and decreased insulin sensitivity, respectively. Therefore, T1D patients with sleep disturbances might have an increased cardiovascular risk in the future.

Objetivo: Descrever as características familiares associadas a tempo de ecrã (TE) nas crianças com idades entre 0 e 18 meses. Tipo de estudo: Estudo observacional transversal analítico. Local: USF Além D’Ouro, USF Camélias, USF Novos Rumos, USF Terras de Santa Maria, USF Vale do Vouga e UCSP de Crestuma. População: Crianças com idade entre 0 e 18 meses, inscritas nas unidades referidas. Métodos: Foi desenvolvido pelos autores um questionário sobre o TE das crianças e uma breve caracterização da família, de resposta voluntária e confidencial. O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi realizado através do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS®. Considerou-se existir significância estatística para valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Foram devolvidos 142 questionários preenchidos (taxa de resposta de 42,5%) e incluídos 137. A mediana de idades foi de 12 meses e 50,4% eram do género masculino. A média de idades do pai foi de 34 anos e a da mãe de 33. Cerca de 83% das crianças pertencia a famílias nucleares e 31,4% ficava ao cuidado dos avós ou no infantário. Das 137 crianças analisadas, 81% teve exposição e, destas, mais de metade teve o primeiro contacto até aos seis meses de vida. Não se verificou diferença na duração de TE durante a semana e o fim-de-semana (71,2% e 73% das crianças com exposição, respetivamente). Verificou-se uma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre o TE e as variáveis «idade da criança» e «idade da mãe», sendo que crianças de mães com idade igual ou superior a 39 anos foram expostas a TE mais tardiamente. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou hábitos de TE inadequados face às recomendações atuais para a idade, resultados concordantes com estudos nacionais e internacionais. A elaboração de estratégias de intervenção generalizadas, nomeadamente a capacitação dos cuidadores acerca do TE adequado à idade da criança, deve ser incentivada.

Aim: Assess family characteristics associated with screen time (ST) use in children aged 0 to 18 months. Study: Descriptive and analytic cross-sectional study. Place: USF Além D’Ouro, USF Camélias, USF Novos Rumos, USF Terras de Santa Maria, USF Vale do Vouga and UCSP de Crestuma. Population: Children aged 0 to 18 months, enrolled in six health centers. Methods: The authors developed a questionnaire about children’s ST and a brief characterization of the family, with a voluntary and confidential response. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS® program. Statistical significance was considered for p-values <0.05. Results: Out of the 142 questionnaires returned (response rate 42.5%), 137 were included. The median age was 12 months and 50.4% were male. The average father’s age was 34 years and the mother’s 33. About 83% of the children belonged to nuclear families and 31.4% were under the care of grandparents or in a nursery. Eighty-one percent of the 137 analyzed children had ST and of these, more than half had their first exposure before or at six months of age. There was no difference in duration of ST between the week and the weekends (71.2% and 73% of children with exposure, respectively). We found a statistically significant correlation between ST and child’s age and mother’s age, where children of mothers aged 39 or over were exposed to ST later. Conclusion: This study showed unsuitable ST habits far from current age recommendations results consistent with national and international studies. Global intervention strategies, specifically training of caregivers about the adequate ST to child age, should be encouraged.

Objetivos: Os contracetivos hormonais combinados (CHC) são o método de contraceção hormonal mais utilizado na adolescência. Estes levam a níveis de estradiol inferiores aos fisiológicos, que poderão influenciar a aquisição do pico de densidade mineral óssea (DMO). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o impacto na DMO da contraceção hormonal combinada por via oral com 30-35 µg de etinilestradiol (EE) em comparação com placebo ou doses inferiores de EE a 30 µg em adolescentes saudáveis dos 10-19 anos. Fontes de dados: National Guideline Clearinghouse, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidelines Finder, Canadian Medical Association Practice Guidelines Infobase, The Cochrane Library, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, Bandolier, Evidence Based Medicine Online e MEDLINE. Métodos de revisão: Foram pesquisadas normas de orientação clínica, ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e controlados, revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises, publicados entre março/2007 e março/2017, nas línguas portuguesa, espanhola, inglesa e francesa. Os termos MeSH utilizados foram: adolescent, ethinyl estradiol e bone density. Para estratificar o nível de evidência e a força de recomendação foi utilizada a Strenght of Recommendation Taxonomy, da American Academy of Family Physicians. Resultados: Identificaram-se 76 publicações, das quais foram incluídas cinco: dois ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e controlados, uma revisão sistemática, um estudo de coorte e uma guideline. Os primeiros mostram que as adolescentes não utilizadoras de CHC, independentemente das doses, têm DMO mais elevadas do que as usuárias. A DMO das adolescentes que utilizam etinilestradiol em doses altas (30-35 µg) parece ser menos afetada em comparação com as que o utilizam doses inferiores (< 30 µg). Na revisão sistemática incluída foram encontrados dados discordantes com um dos estudos, que referia não haver diferenças entre as várias doses de etinilestradiol. O estudo de coorte incluído revelou um aumento de DMO nas adolescentes com 30-35 µg de etinilestradiol até aos 24 meses de toma. Entre os 24 e os 36 meses verificou-se uma redução da aquisição de DMO nas usuárias de doses mais altas de EE comparativamente com as usuárias de doses mais baixas. A guideline da Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare refere que a dosagem parece não afetar a DMO. Conclusão: Foi atribuída a esta revisão uma força de recomendação B, para o uso de CHC com etinilestradiol na dose igual ou superior a 30 µg, em adolescentes, para um menor impacto na DMO.

Objective: Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) are the most used hormonal contraception method in adolescence. They lead to lower levels of estradiol than physiological ones, which may influence the acquisition of peak bone mineral density (BMD). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of CHC with 30-35 µg of ethinyl estradiol (EE) on BMD when compared to placebo or lower doses of EE in healthy female adolescents between 10-19 years old. Sources: National Guideline Clearinghouse, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidelines Finder, Canadian Medical Practice Guidelines Infobase, The Cochrane Library, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, Bandolier, Evidence-Based Medicine Online, and MEDLINE. Methods: We searched clinical guidelines, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis, published between March 2007 and March 2017 in Portuguese, Spanish, English or French. The MESH terms used were: 'adolescent', 'ethinyl estradiol' and 'bone density'. To stratify the level of evidence and the strength of recommendation the Strenght of Recommendation Taxonomy, of the American Academy of Family Physicians was used. Results: Seventy-six publications were identified, of which five were included: two randomized controlled trials, one systematic review, one cohort study, and one guideline. The first showed that non-CHC users’ adolescents have higher BMD than those who use CHC, regardless of drug dosage. The BMD of adolescents using a higher dosage of ethinyl estradiol (30-35 µg) appeared to be less affected than those with a lower dosage (<30 µg). In the included systematic review discordant data were found, with one of the studies reporting no differences between the various doses of EE. The included cohort study revealed an increase in the BMD when prescribed 30-35µg EE, at 24 months’ mark. Between 24 and 36 months the BMD acquisition was lower in the 30-35µg EE group compared with placebo or lower dose. The Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare’s guideline reports that dosage does not appear to affect BMD. Conclusion: In teenagers, the use of ethinyl estradiol at a dosage equal or higher to 30ug, for a lower impact on BMD, has received a Grade B Recommendation.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de aumentar a disponibilidade para os consumidores, agregar ainda mais valor aos pêssegos (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) e identificar quais cultivares cultivadas em regiões tropicais são mais adequadas para o processamento de geleia, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar e avaliar a influência de diferentes cultivares de pessegueiro (‘Aurora’, ‘Biuti’, ‘Bonão’, ‘Centenário’, ‘Diamante’, ‘Douradão’, ‘Libra’, ‘Régis’ e ‘Tropical’) cultivadas em regiões tropicais nas características físico-químicas, reológicas e sensoriais da geleia resultante. Verificou-se que as cultivares avaliadas apresentaram grande variabilidade entre si em relação às características físicas e físico-químicas. As geleias elaboradas a partir destas cultivares, embora apresentam grande variabilidade em relação aos parâmetros físico-químicos e reológicos, apresentaram alta aceitação. Conclui-se, que todas as cultivares estudadas são indicadas para processamento e podem ser destinadas à industrialização.

ABSTRACT: In order to increase the availability to consumers and add even more value to peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and to identify which cultivars grown in tropical regions are more suitable for jelly processing, the objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the influence of different peach cultivars (‘Aurora’, ‘Biuti’, ‘Bonão’, ‘Centenário’, ‘Diamante’, ‘Douradão’, ‘Libra’, ‘Régis’ and ‘Tropical’) cultivated in tropical regions on the physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of the resulting jelly. The evaluated cultivars presented great variability among themselves in relation to the physical and physicochemical characteristics. The jellies elaborated from these cultivars; although, presenting great variability in relation to the physicochemical and rheological parameters, presented similar, high acceptance. All cultivars studied are suitable for processing and can be used for industrialization.

ABSTRACT To increase the availability to consumers and add more value to persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), which is a very perishable and seasonal fruit and in order to identify which cultivars grown in subtropical regions are more suitable for processing in the form of juice and jelly, as well as understand what the consumer profile is for these products, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different persimmon cultivars (Rama Forte, Mel, Guiombo and Taubaté) grown in subtropical regions of Brazil on the physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of the resulting juice and jelly in order to identify cultivars with the greatest potential for industrial use. The different studied persimmon cultivars had different physical and physicochemical characteristics which resulted in juices and jellies with different physicochemical, rheological and sensory characteristics. Based on sensory acceptance and productivity/adaptability of persimmon crop in Brazil, the most suitable persimmon cultivars for processing are Rama Forte and Guiombo. In this study it was found that the consumer prefers a more acidic persimmon juice and a less firm or softer, less sweet, clearer and more intense yellow color persimmon jelly.

Abstract The objective of this study was, through mixing design and response surface methodology, to optimize a reduced calorie mixed juice of persimmon, orange and pineapple based the sensory and nutritional characteristics. This study also aimed to carry out the survey of the physicochemical characteristics that are desirable in this product. It was found that juice of these fruits, when combined, have better sensory and nutritional characteristics than when isolated. The consumer has a preference for mixed fruit juices made up of orange, pineapple and persimmon that are sweeter and more acidic and regarding color, consumers prefer a juice with less intense red color. According to evaluation, the most recommended mixed juice formulations are 50% pineapple and 50% persimmon, and 33% pineapple, 33% persimmon, and 33% orange.

RESUMO O girassol está entre as principais oleaginosas cultivadas no mundo e os subprodutos gerados durante o processamento das sementes representam uma fonte atraente de biomassa lignocelulósica para bioprocessos. A conversão de fibras lignocelulósicas em açúcares fermentáveis tem sido considerada uma alternativa promissora para aumentar a demanda de etanol. O presente estudo teve, como objetivo, estabelecer as condições de fermentação para a produção de etanol por Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58376 em hidrolisado hemicelulósico de farelo de girassol através de um planejamento fatorial DCCR 23. Sob as condições selecionadas (pH 5,25, 29 ºC e 198 rpm) a concentração final de etanol foi 13,92 g L-1 e o rendimento 0,49 g g-1.

ABSTRACT Sunflower is among the major oil seeds crop grown in the world and the by-products generated during the seeds processing represent an attractive source of lignocellulosic biomass for bioprocesses. The conversion of lignocellulosic fibers into fermentable sugars has been considered as a promising alternative to increase the demand for ethanol. The present study aimed to establish the fermentation conditions for ethanol production by Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58376 in sunflower meal hemicellulosic hydrolysate, through a 23 CCRD (Central Composite Rotational Design) factorial design. Under the selected conditions (pH 5.25, 29 ºC and 198 rpm) the final ethanol concentration was 13.92 g L-1 and the ethanol yield was 0.49 g g-1.

Abstract A challenge to the food sector has been the development of new products incorporating co-products from the food processing industry with minimal impact on their pre-determined structures and adding nutritional quality. In order to add value and develop alternatives for the use of co-products generated during the agroindustrial processing, this work aimed to study the stability of gluten-free sweet biscuits developed with soybean okara, rice bran and broken rice. The formulations were elaborated with increasing percentages of these ingredients and compared with the standard (commercial sweet biscuit) for ten months. The analyses were: weight, diameters (internal and external), thickness, specific volume, instrumental parameters of color, texture, scanning electron microscopy, water activity, proximal composition and isoflavones. The experimental sweet biscuits had characteristics of color, weight, volume and diameters (internal and external) very similar to the commercial, whereas texture, lipids and energy value decreased, and aw, moisture and protein increased during storage. The sweet biscuits showed the same stability when compared to the standard, and the

Objetivo. Identificar la percepción de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre los comportamientos y los aspectos éticos implicados en la recolección de datos de los pacientes. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo, que utilizó como referencial metodológico el análisis de contenido propuesto por Bardin. En el estudio participaron estudiantes de enfermería del séptimo período de una universidad pública de Minas Gerais, Brasil, en 2011. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de entrevistas. Resultados. Emergieron del análisis de los resultados las siguientes categorías: preservación de la privacidad e intimidad del paciente, el respeto a la autonomía del paciente, experiencias y sentimientos de los estudiantes, y las estrategias de enseñanza del proceso de enfermería durante la formación del alumno. Conclusíon. Hay preocupación de los estudiantes de enfermería por el enfoque ético de la recolección de datos del paciente y por la preservación de sus derechos. Se deben reforzar prácticas pedagógicas que tengan en cuenta no solo los aspectos técnicos, sino también los relacionados con el comportamiento y la ética.

Objective. To identify the perception of nursing students in relation to the behaviors and ethical issues involved in data collection from patients. Methodology. Descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach, using the content analysis proposed by Bardin as the theoretical framework. Participants were students in the 7th period of the nursing undergraduate course at a public university located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2011. Data were collected through interviews. Results. From the analysis of the results, the following categories emerged: preservation of patients' intimacy and privacy, respect for patients' autonomy, experiences and feelings of students and training strategies relating to the nursing process during the undergraduate course. Conclusion. The nursing students are concerned with the ethical approach during data collection from patients and the preservation of their rights. Pedagogical practices should be reinforced that take into consideration the technical aspects, as well as those related to behaviors and ethics.

Objetivo. Identificar a percepção dos estudantes de enfermagem sobre os comportamentos e os aspectos éticos implicadas na recolha de dados dos pacientes. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo e exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como referencial metodológico a análise de conteúdo proposto por Bardin. No estudo participaram estudantes de enfermagem do sétimo período de uma universidade pública de Minas Gerais, Brasil, em 2011. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas. Resultados. Emergiram da análise dos resultados as seguintes categorias: preservação da privacidade e intimidade do paciente, o com respeito à autonomia do paciente, experiências e sentimentos dos estudantes, e as estratégias de ensino do processo de enfermagem durante a formação do aluno. Conclusão. Há preocupação dos estudantes de enfermagem pelo enfoque ético da recolha de dados do paciente e pela preservação de seus direitos. Devem-se reforçar práticas pedagógicas que tenham em conta não só os aspectos técnicos, senão também os relacionados com o comportamento e a ética.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os valores normais da força de preensão manual do membro superior dominante (FPM-D) e não dominante (FPM-ND) em sujeitos de meia idade e idosos assintomáticos e elaborar equações de referência para a predição da FPM. Foram investigados 54 voluntários (51,9% homens) com idade >50 anos, medindo-se massa corporal, estatura e perimetria do braço direito e esquerdo, e calculando-se o índice de massa corporal. A FPM-D e FPM -ND foram avaliadas por dinamometria mecânica. O índice de atividade física habitual (IAF) foi avaliado pelo questionário de Baecke. A FPM-D foi superior à FPM-ND em ambos os sexos e em todas as idades (p<0,05). Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a FPM e idade, estatura, massa corporal e perimetria do braço. As melhores equações de referência foram as seguintes: FPM-Dkgf =39,996 - (0,382 x idade anos)+(0,174 x peso kg)+(13,628 x sexo homens=1;mulheres=0) (R²ajustado=0,677); e FPM-NDkgf=44,968- (0,420 x idade anos)+(0,110 x peso kg)+(9,274 x sexo homens=1;mulheres=0) (R²ajustado=0,546) A diferença consistente entre a FPM-D e FPM-ND torna necessário o uso de dados normativos específicos para cada mão. Atributos simples de serem obtidos, tais como idade, estatura, massa corporal, perimetria do braço e sexo, podem pois prever adequadamente os valores esperados da FPM para adultos e idosos assintomáticos.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate normal values of dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) upper limb handgrip strength (HGS) in asymptomatic middle-aged elderly subjects and to establish reference equations for predicting HGS. Fifty-four volunteers (51.9% men) aged >50 years old were enrolled. Weight, height, and both arms circumference were measured, being the body mass index calculated. Mechanical dynamometry was used to measure D-HGS and ND-HGS. Self-reported level of regular physical activity was assessed by Baecke questionnaire. D-HGS was higher than ND-HGS for both sexes and in all age groups (p<0.05). Significant correlations were found between HGS and age, height, weight, and arm circumferences. The best reference equations were the following: D-HGSkgf=39.996 - (0.382 x age years)+(0.174 x weight kg)+(13.628 x sex men=1;women=0) (Adjusted R²=0.677); and ND-HGSkgf=44.968 - (0.420 x age years)+(0.110 x weight kg)+(9.274 x sex men=1; women=0) (Adjusted R²=0.546). The consistent difference found between dominant and non-dominant HGS requires the use of specific normative data for each hand. Hence easily-obtained attributes such as age, height, weight, arm circumference and sex can predict HGS expected values for asymptomatic elder adults.